| (se-units-comp.txt B 011021 OJ) . Olle Järnefors COMPENDIUM | Sibeliusgången 44, 8 tr Version B | S-164 76 KISTA Sweden 2001-10-21 . +46-8-752 93 25 : Old Swedish Units ================= . Abstract: 158 old Swedish units are listed, with name, grammatical characteristics, definition and value in SI units. . A few of these are also metric units, and a small number of . national metric units, still in use, are also included. Many . old units of only local or very specialized use are not covered. Abbreviation and name indexes are included. Content ----------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction and overview 2. Number of pieces . 3. Angle 4. Length 5. Area 6. Liquid capacity 7. Dry capacity 8. Volume . 9. Time 10. Mass of victuals | 11. Mass of iron and copper . 12. Mass of medicals | 13. Mass of coins and precious metals | 14. Fineness of gold and silver alloys 15. Money 16. Index of unit names 17. Index of unit abbreviations and symbols . 18. Reference list | 19. Document future . 20. Document history ------------------------------------------------------------- | Non-trivial changes since last version (version Bp4) are | marked by "|" at the beginning of each line. Other non-trivial | changes since version Bp3 are marked by ":" at the beginning | of each line. Other non-trivial changes since version Bp1 are | marked by "." at the beginning of each line. . . Original home: The latest published version of this document . can be found at: : . Prototypes for the next version may be found at: : . . Data format: This file is a plain text file in the Latin-1 . (ISO 8859-1) character set. It is advantageous to display . and print this file in a monospaced font. A column width of . 80 characters is sufficient. . . Copyright? Please reuse this information! I will appreciate if . the source is acknowledged. . . Feedback: Send questions, comments, corrections, and : criticism to the email address . . Related documents --------------------------------------------------- . Metric Units Galore: 311 Named Units with Symbol, Definition and Size: : . The British/US Unit Mess: : . ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction and overview ---------------------------- . The early situation in Sweden concerning measures and . weights was genuinely chaotic. National standardization . of units of measurement was late and, when finally achieved . in the 19th century, the ingenious Swedish decimal system . was within a short period of time nevertheless replaced by . metric units. The metric system became mandatory in 1889. . . This document describes the old Swedish units of national use . when they had stabilized in the beginning and middle of the . 19th century. It also includes those currently used units that . are not equal to any international metric unit. These are : indicated by means of the character "#". Definitions of most units are given, as well as their sizes in SI units and the grammatical characteristics of their names. Many units are left out which were used in only certain parts of Sweden, or had a very specialized application area, or were not well defined. : Following the usage in the modern Swedish literature about : old measures, I have used modern, post-1906 Swedish : orthography. Examples of the original spelling: : "rev" <- "ref", "kvarter" <- "qvarter", "linje" <- "linie". . The following replacements are used for certain symbols: . = drachma symbol, shaped like a script "z" . = fot symbol, shaped like one underlined acute accent . = skålpund symbol, shaped like a script "S" . written over a script "U" . = linje symbol, shaped like three underlined acute accents | = stapelstad symbol, shaped like a script "S" . = skrupel(1) symbol, shaped like four underlined acute accents . = skrupel(2) symbol, shaped like an oversize comma . = uns(1) symbol, shaped like a the symbol with . a "z" on top of it . = tum symbol, shaped like two underlined acute accents Here is an overview of the material, giving only the essential numerical relations. : All Swedish unit names are here given in the singular form. : "#" indicates that the unit is still in use. "*" indicates that the units in that row belong to the Swedish decimal system (1855 - 1878). Number of pieces (12 units): 1 stycke = 1 gross# 12 dussin# 6 par# 2 stycke# skock 3 tjog# 20 stycke val 20 kast 4 stycke bal 10 ris 20 bok 25 ark 1 stycke . Angle (1 unit): . 1 streck# = (1/17.5)° ~= 0.997 mrad Length (22 units): 1 fot = 0.29690 m [gammal] mil 4 fjärding[sväg](1) 900 stång 5 aln kabellängd 100 famn 3 aln 2 fot 2 kvarter(1) 6 [verk]tum# 12 [verk]linjer kvarter(1) 2 handsbredd 4 finger rev 10 stång 10 fot 10 decimaltum 10 decimallinje 10 gran(1) 10 skrupel(1) * : 1 engelsk tum = 1 = 0.0254 m [gammal] sjömil 4 kvartsmil 1 [gammal] sjömil = 4 ~= 7421.2993 m 1 nautisk mil|distansminut|ny sjömil# = 1 ~= 1851.8519 m [ny]mil# 10 km Area (25 units): 1 kvadratfot = 1 fot^2 | tunnland 2 spannland(1) 2 halvspannland 2 fjärdingsland 7 kannland 1000 kvadratfot . spannland(1) 16 kappland 1750 kvadratfot 144 kvadrat[verk]tum . 144 kvadrat[verk]linje | spannland(2) 2 kistland 10 snesland 10 bandland 144 kvadratfot . dalerland 4 markland|åttungsland 8 öresland 3 örtugaland 8 penningland . tolftungsland 2 sjettungsland 6 öresland . öresland 1 tunnland : kvadratrev 100 kvadratstång 100 kvadratfot 100 kvadratdecimaltum : 100 kvadratdecimallinje * | metriskt tunnland# 5000 m^2 Liquid capacity (18 units): 1 kanna = (1/10) fot^3 . oxhuvud 3 eim|halvfat 2 ankare 15 kanna 2 stop 2 halvstop 2 kvarter(2) . 2 halvkvarter 2 ort . foder 2 pipa 3 åm|fat 2 eim|halvfat . ankare 2 halvankare . tunna(1) [våta varor] 2 halvtunna(1) [våta varor] 2 fjärding(2) [våta varor] . 2 åtting 2 sextondel 3 kanna Dry capacity (9 units): . tunna(2) [torra varor] 2 spann|halvtunna(2) [torra varor] 2 halvspann . 2 fjärding(3) [torra varor] 2 halvfjärding 2 kappe . fjärding(3) [torra varor] 7 kanna spann 3 skäppa : tunna(3) [kol] 63 kanna : tunna(4) [sill] 80 kanna [kronans] parm(1) 2160 kanna [stockholms]parm(2) 6768 kanna . Volume (10 units): . kubikfamn 27 kubikaln 8 kubikfot 1728 kubik[verk]tum 1728 kubik[verk]linje kubikstång 1000 kubikfot 1000 kubikdecimaltum 1000 kubikdecimallinje * kubikfot 10 kanna * . matsked# 3 tesked# 5 kryddmått# 1 ml . Time (15 units): . millennium|årtusende# 10 sekel|århundrade# 10 decennium|årtionde# . 10 år# 3 tertial# 4 månad# . kvartal# 3 månad . vecka# 7 dygn# 6 vakt 4 timme# 2 glas 2 kvart# 15 minut# 60 sekund# Mass of victuals (10 units): . 1 skålpund = 0.425076 kg . skeppund(1) 20 [lis]pund 20 skålpund|mark(3) 32 lod(1) 4 kvintin(1) skålpund 8848 ass nyläst 100 centner 100 skålpund 100 ort 100 korn * | Mass of iron and copper (3 units): | skeppund(2) 20 markpund 20 mark(4) | markpund 16 skålpund . Mass of medicals (5 units): . libra 12 uns(1) 8 drachma 3 skrupel(2) 20 gran(2) . libra 7416 ass | Mass of coins and precious metals (4 units); . [lödig] mark(2) 8 uns(2) 2 lod(2) 4 kvintin(2) . [lödig] mark(2) 4384 ass | Fineness of gold and silver alloys(3 units): | 1 grän = 1/288 | lod(3) 18 grän | karat 12 grän . Money (21 units): mark(1) 8 öre 3 örtug 16 penning(1) {Götaland c1030 - c1300} mark(1) 8 öre 3 örtug 12 penning(2) {Gotland c1030 - c1300} mark(1) 8 öre 3 örtug 8 penning(3) {Svealand c1030-1534, Sweden c1300-1534} [svensk] daler 4 mark(1) 8 öre 3 örtug 8 penning(3) {1534 - 1776} riksdaler {1534 - 1776} riksdaler courant 6 mark(1) {1664 - 1776} riksdaler 48 skilling 4 öre silvermynt 3 rundstycke {1776 - 1802} riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie {1802 - 1834} riksdaler banko 48 skilling 4 öre silvermynt 3 rundstycke {1802 - 1834} riksdaler banko 1.5 riksdaler riksgälds {1802 - 1834} riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie 2+2/3 riksdaler banco {1834 - 1855} riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie 4 riksdaler riksgälds 48 skilling 4 öre silvermynt 3 rundstycke {1834 - 1855} riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie 4 riksdaler riksmynt 100 öre {1855-1873} : miljard kronor# 1000 miljon kronor# 1000 tusen kronor# 1000 krona# 100 öre# {1873-} : Special overview of the Swedish decimal system 1855 - 1878 : ("*" marks units common with older Swedish systems): : Length (7 units): : rev 10 stång 10 fot* 10 decimaltum 10 decimallinje 10 gran(1) 10 skrupel(1) : Area (5 units): : kvadratrev 100 kvadratstång 100 kvadratfot* 100 kvadratdecimaltum : 100 kvadratdecimallinje : Volume (5 units): : kubikstång 1000 kubikfot 1000 kubikdecimaltum 1000 kubikdecimallinje : kubikfot 10 kanna* : Mass (5 units): : nyläst 100 centner 100 skålpund* 100 ort 100 korn In the following sections, more detailed descriptions of the units are included. Each unit is given on two consecutive lines. The first contains the plural form of its name, the second contains the singular form. The gender of a unit is utrum, unless the mark "[n]" is added to its singular name, in which case the gender is neutrum. The word "flera" means "several". To indicate their relative sizes, the 10-logarithm of the quotient between a unit and the SI unit is also given. In the index of unit names, the sizes of the units expressed in SI units are included. . When writing about units in the original Swedish unit system . not only official units of the system are covered but also . other multiple units related to the system which were used. 2. Number of pieces ------------------- Still in use: flera gross 1 gross = 1 gr. = 1 gross[n]# = 12 dussin ~= 10^+2.15836 1 dozen = 1 duss. = 1 dussin[n]# = 6 par ~= 10^+1.07918 1 pair = 1 par[n]# = 2 stycken ~= 10^+0.30103 1 piece = 1 st. = 1 stycke[n]# = 10^+0.00000 flera skockar 1 skock = 3 tjog ~= 10^+2.25527 1 tjog[n]# = 20 stycken ~= 10^+1.30103 Were used for herring: flera valar 1 val = 20 kast ~= 10^+1.90309 1 kast[n] = 4 stycken ~= 10^+0.60206 Were used for sheets of paper: flera balar 1 bal = 10 ris ~= 10^+3.69897 1 ris[n] = 20 böcker ~= 10^+2.69897 1 bok = 25 ark ~= 10^+1.39794 1 ark[n] = 1 stycke = 10^+0.00000 ------------------------------------------------------------- Primary unit: 1 st. = 1 stycke = 1 . 3. Angle . -------- . . In the Swedish military services, the unit streck is used for . angles, 1° = 17.5 streck, 1 rad ~= 1000 streck. . . flera streck . 1 Swedish military point = 1 streck[n]# = (1/17.5)° ~= 0.997 mrad 4. Length --------- The first unit of length common for all parts of Sweden was the Rydaholmsaln (the length of a prototype kept in the church porch of Rydaholm, Småland, now lost). It is thought to have been 0.593 m. It was gradually replaced by the Stockholmsaln during the 17th century (then in the Town . Hall of Stockholm). At the transition to the metre system . 1878 the fot was declared to be = 0.29690 m. The original Swedish unit system (official 1665 - 1863, allowed . 1864 - 1878) included most of the following length units. flera [gamla] mil 1 old Sw. mile = 1 [gammal] mil = 4 fjärdingar(1)~= 10^+4.02891 m . 1 Sw. quarter-mile = 1 fjärding[sväg](1)= 900 stänger ~= 10^+3.42685 m 1 Sw. rod = 1 stång = 5 alnar ~= 10^+0.47261 m 1 old Sw. mile = 1 [gammal] mil = 6000 famnar 1 Sw. fathom = 1 famn = 3 alnar ~= 10^+0.25076 m . 1 Sw. cubit = 1 aln = 2 fot ~= 10^-0.22636 m . 1 Sw. foot = 1 = 1 fot = 2 kvarter(1) ~= 10^-0.52739 m . 1 Sw. quarter-cubit = 1 kvarter(1)[n] = 6 [verk]tum ~= 10^-0.82842 m 1 Sw. inch = 1 = 1 [verk]tum = 12 [verk]linjer ~= 10^-1.60657 m 1 Sw. line = 1 = 1 [verk]linje ~= 10^-2.68575 m 1 kvarter(1) = 2 handsbredder ~= 10^-0.82842 m 1 Sw. hand = 1 handsbredd = 4 fingrar ~= 10^-1.12945 m 1 Sw. finger = 1 finger[n] ~= 10^-1.73151 m ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Primary unit: 1 fot = 0.29690 m A decimal division of the foot, as an alternative to the traditional division, was established in the 1730s (official 1739 - 1878, allowed 1879 - 1888): 1 Sw. foot = 1 = 1 fot = 10 decimaltum ~= 10^-0.52739 m . 1 Sw. decimal inch = 1 = 1 decimaltum = 10 decimallinjer~= 10^-1.52739 m . 1 Sw. decimal line = 1 = 1 decimallinje = 10 gran(1) ~= 10^-2.52739 m . 1 Sw. grain = 1 gran(1)[n] = 10 skrupler(1)~= 10^-3.52739 m . 1 Sw. scruple = 1 = 1 skrupel(1) ~= 10^-4.52739 m In 1855 a further decimalization took place, and the Swedish decimal system was completed (official 1855 - 1878, also allowed 1879 - 1888): 1 [gammal] mil = 360 revar ~= 10^+4.02891 m . 1 Sw. furlong = 1 rev = 10 stänger ~= 10^+1.47261 m 1 stång = 10 fot ~= 10^+0.47261 m : During the 19th century and later, also the UK inch has been used: : : flera engelsk tum : 1 inch = 1 engelsk tum ~= 10^-1.59517 m At sea, also these units were used: flera kabellängder . 1 Sw. cable length = 1 kabellängd = 100 famnar ~= 10^+2.25076 m flera sjömil . 1 old Sw. sea mile = 1 [gammal] sjömil = 4 kvartsmil ~= 10^+3.87048 m 1 kvartsmil ~= 10^+3.26842 m ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Primary unit: 1 sjömil = ~= 7421.2993 m flera nautiska mil|distansminuter|nya sjömil . 1 new Sw. sea mile = 1 nautisk mil|distansminut|ny sjömil# ~= 10^+3.26761 m --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 nautisk mil = ~= 1851.8519 m : Nowadays, this unit name is used for a length of exactly 1852 m. The metre system was officially adopted in Sweden in 1879, with the addition of the unit: flera [ny]mil . 1 new Sw. mile = 1 [ny]mil# = 10 km = 10^+4.00000 m 5. Area ------- After a revision in 1643, the units for area were: flera tunnland | 1 Sw. acre = 1 tunnland[n] = 2 spannland(1) ~= 10^+3.69341 m^2 . 1 spannland(1)[n] = 2 halvspannland ~= 10^+3.39238 m^2 . 1 halvspannland[n] = 2 fjärdingsland ~= 10^+3.09135 m^2 . 1 fjärdingsland[n] = 4 kappland ~= 10^+2.79032 m^2 1 kappland[n] = 1750 kvadratfot ~= 10^+2.18826 m^2 1 Sw. square foot = 1 kvadratfot = 144 kvadrattum ~= 10^-1.05478 m^2 : 1 Sw. square inch = 1 kvadrat[verk]tum= 144 kvadratlinjer ~= 10^-3.21314 m^2 : 1 Sw. square line = 1 kvadrat[verk]linje ~= 10^-5.37150 m^2 . 1 spannland(1) = 28 kannland ~= 10^+3.39238 m^2 . 1 kannland[n] = 1000 kvadratfot ~= 10^+1.94522 m^2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Primary unit: 1 kvadratfot = 1 fot^2 = 0.08814961 m^2 . These units, via the tunnland, were originally based on the . size of a field for which 1 tunna(2) of seed was enough. . Another series of units was based on the value of land for taxation: . . flera dalerland . 1 dalerland = 4 markland|åttungsland ~= 10^+5.19856 m^2 . 1 markland|åttungsland = 8 öresland ~= 10^+4.59650 m^2 . 1 öresland = 3 örtugaland ~= 10^+3.69341 m^2 . 1 örtugaland = 8 penningland ~= 10^+3.21629 m^2 . 1 penningland ~= 10^+2.31320 m^2 . . flera tolftunsland . 1 tolftungsland = 2 sjettungsland ~= 10^+4.77259 m^2 . 1 sjettungsland = 6 öresland ~= 10^+4.47156 m^2 . 1 öresland = 1 tunnland ~= 10^+3.69341 m^2 | In the province of Dalarna, these area units were used: | | flera spannland(2) | 1 spannland(2)[n] = 2 kistland ~= 10^+3.40461 m^2 | 1 kistland[n] = 10 snesland ~= 10^+3.10358 m^2 | 1 snesland[n] = 10 bandland ~= 10^+2.10358 m^2 | 1 bandland[n] = 144 kvadratfot ~= 10^+1.10358 m^2 The Swedish decimal system: flera kvadratrevar 1 kvadratrev = 100 kvadratstänger ~= 10^+2.94522 m^2 1 Sw. sq. rod = 1 kvadratstång = 100 kvadratfot ~= 10^+0.94522 m^2 : 1 Sw. sq. foot = 1 kvadratfot = 100 kvadratdecimaltum ~= 10^-1.05478 m^2 : 1 kvadratdecimaltum = 100 kvadratdecimallinjer ~= 10^-3.05478 m^2 : 1 kvadratdecimallinje ~= 10^-5.05478 m^2 | After metrication in 1879, the tunnland unit was inofficially | adjusted to the new units: | | flera metriska tunnland | 1 metriskt tunnland[n]# = 5 000 m^2 ~= 10^+3.69897 m^2 6. Liquid capacity ------------------ | The units for liquid capacity were also used for pitch, fish, | salted meat, meal, butter, tar, and train oil. The original Swedish unit system included most of these units: . flera oxhuvuden . 1 oxhuvud[n] = 3 eimer|halvfat ~= 10^-0.62793 m^3 . 1 eim|halvfat = 2 ankare ~= 10^-1.10505 m^3 1 ankare[n] = 15 kannor ~= 10^-1.40608 m^3 1 kanna ~= 10^-2.58220 m^3 . 1 ankare[n] = 2 halvankare . 1 halvankare[n] ~= 10^-1.70711 m^3 flera foder . 1 foder[n] = 2 pipor ~= 10^-0.02587 m^3 . 1 pipa = 3 åmar|fat ~= 10^-0.32690 m^3 1 åm|fat[n] = 2 eimer ~= 10^-0.80402 m^3 flera tunnor(1) [våta varor] 1 tunna(1) [våta varor] = 2 halvtunnor(1) [våta varor] ~= 10^-0.90093 m^3 . 1 halvtunna(1) [våta varor] = 2 fjärdingar(2) [våta varor] ~= 10^-1.20196 m^3 1 fjärding(2) [våta varor] = 2 åttingar ~= 10^-1.50299 m^3 1 åtting = 2 sextondelar ~= 10^-1.80402 m^3 . 1 sextondel = 3 kannor ~= 10^-2.10508 m^3 1 kanna = 2 stop ~= 10^-2.58220 m^3 1 stop[n] = 2 halvstop ~= 10^-2.88320 m^3 1 halvstop[n] = 2 kvarter(2) ~= 10^-3.18423 m^3 1 kvarter(2)[n] = 2 halvkvarter ~= 10^-3.48526 m^3 . 1 halvkvarter[n] = 2 ort(1)|jungfrur|jumfrur ~= 10^-3.78629 m^3 1 ort(1)|jungfru|jumfru ~= 10^-4.08732 m^3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Primary unit: 1 kanna = (1/10) fot^3 = 2.6171619209 dm^3 7. Dry capacity --------------- | For pitch, fish, salted meat, meal, butter, tar, and train oil | the units for liquid capacity were used. The original Swedish unit system included most of these units: flera tunnor(2) [torra varor] 1 tunna(2) [torra varor]= 2 spann|halvtunnor(2) [torra varor]~=10^-0.83398 m^3 . 1 spann|halvtunna(2) [torra varor] = 2 halvspann ~= 10^-1.13501 m^3 . 1 halvspann = 2 fjärdingar(3) [torra varor]~= 10^-1.43604 m^3 . 1 fjärding(3) [torra varor] = 2 halvfjärdingar ~= 10^-1.73707 m^3 . 1 halvfjärding = 2 kappar ~= 10^-2.03810 m^3 1 kappe ~= 10^-2.33913 m^3 1 fjärding(3) [torra varor] = 7 kannor ~= 10^-1.73707 m^3 1 spann = 3 skäppor ~= 10^-1.13501 m^3 1 skäppa ~= 10^-1.31110 m^3 flera [kronans] parmar(1) 1 [kronans] parm(1) = 2160 kannor ~= 10^+0.75226 m^3 flera [stockhoms]parmar(2) 1 [stockholms]parm(2) = 6768 kannor ~= 10^+1.24826 m^3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Primary unit: 1 kanna = (1/10) fot^3 = 2.6171619209 dm^3 : Also used for coal was: : : flera tunnor(3) [kol] : 1 tunna(3) [kol] = 63 kannor ~= 10^-0.78283 m^3 : : During the period 1786 - 1865, the following measure for : herring was fixed by law: : : flera tunnor(4) [sill] : 1 tunna(4) [sill] = 80 kannor ~= 10^-0.67908 m^3 8. Volume --------- . In the original Swedish unit system: . . flera kubikfamnar . 1 Sw. cubic fathom= 1 kubikfamn = 27 kubikalnar ~= 10^+0.75228 m^3 . 1 Sw. cubic cubit = 1 kubikaln = 8 kubikfot ~= 10^-0.67908 m^3 . 1 Sw. cubic foot = 1 kubikfot = 1728 kubik[verk]tum ~= 10^-1.58217 m^3 : 1 Sw. cubic inch = 1 kubik[verk]tum= 1728 kubik[verk]linjer~= 10^-4.81971 m^3 : 1 Sw. cubic line = 1 kubik[verk]linje ~= 10^-8.05726 m^3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Primary unit: 1 kubikfot = 1 fot^3 = 26.171619209 dm^3 In the Swedish decimal system were included: flera kubikstänger 1 Sw. cubic rod = 1 kubikstång = 1000 kubikfot ~= 10^+1.41783 m^3 1 Sw. cubic foot = 1 kubikfot = 1000 kubikdecimaltum ~= 10^-1.58217 m^3 : 1 kubikdecimaltum = 1000 kubikdecimallinjer ~= 10^-4.58217 m^3 : 1 kubikdecimallinje ~= 10^-7.58217 m^3 . In cooking, these special units are still in use: . . flera matskedar . 1 tablespoon = 1 matsked# = 1 msk. = 3 teskedar ~= 10^-4.82391 m^3 . 1 teespoon = 1 tesked# = 1 tsk. = 5 kryddmått ~= 10^-5.30102 m^3 . 1 kryddmått[n]# = 1 krm. = 1 ml = 10^-6.00000 m^3 . 9. Time . ------- . . In Sweden these time units are used, most of them are . also international. . . flera millennier|årtusenden . 1 millennium = 1 millennium[n]|årtusende[n]# = 10 sekel|århundraden . ~= 10^+10.49909 s . 1 century = 1 sekel[n]|århundrade[n]# = 10 decennier|årtionden . ~= 10^+9.49909 s . 1 decade = 1 decennium[n]|årtionde[n]# = 10 år ~= 10^+8.499 s . 1 year = 1 år[n]# = 3 tertial ~= 10^+7.50 s . 1 tertial[n]# = 4 månader ~= 10^+7.0 s . 1 month = 1 mån. = 1 månad# ~= 10^+6.4 s . . flera kvartal . 1 kvartal[n]# = 3 månader ~= 10^+6.9 s . . flera veckor . 1 week = 1 v. = 1 vecka# = 7 dagar ~= 10^+5.78161 s . 1 day = 1 d. = 1 dygn[n]# = 6 vakter ~= 10^+4.93651 s . 1 watch = 1 vakt = 4 timmar ~= 10^+4.15836 s . 1 hour = 1 tim. = 1 timme# = 2 glas ~= 10^+3.55630 s . 1 glass = 1 glas[n] = 2 kvart ~= 10^+3.25527 s . 1 kv. = 1 kvart# = 15 minuter ~= 10^+2.95424 s . 1 minute = 1 min. = 1 minut# = 60 sekunder ~= 10^+1.77815 s . 1 second = 1 sek. = 1 sekund# ~= 10^+0.00000 s . ------------------------------------------------------------- . Primary unit: 1 sekund = 1 s . . The unit "tertial" is seldom used. The units "vakt" and "glas" . have only maritime use. 10. Mass of victuals -------------------- . In the original Swedish unit system the mass unit skålpund | was defined as 8848 of the Dutch ass. At the transition . to the metre system 1878 it was declared to be = 0.425076 kg. flera skeppund(1) | 1 Sk = 1 skeppund(1)[n] = 20 [lis]pund ~= 10^+2.23053 kg | 1 L = 1 [lis]pund[n] = 20 skålpund|mark(3) ~= 10^+0.92950 kg . 1 = 1 skålpund[n]|mark(3) = 32 lod(1) ~= 10^-0.37153 kg 1 lod(1)[n] = 4 kvintin(1) ~= 10^-1.87668 kg 1 kvintin(1)[n] ~= 10^-2.47874 kg 1 skålpund[n] = 8848 ass ~= 10^-0.37153 kg | 1 [troyska] ass[n] ~= 10^-4.31838 kg ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Primary unit: 1 skålpund = 0.425076 kg In the Swedish decimal system: flera nyläster 1 nyläst = 100 centner ~= 10^+3.62847 kg 1 centner = 100 skålpund ~= 10^+1.62847 kg 1 = 1 skålpund[n] = 100 ort(2) ~= 10^-0.37153 kg 1 ort(2)[n] = 100 korn ~= 10^-2.37153 kg 1 korn[n] ~= 10^-4.37153 kg | 11. Mass of iron and copper | --------------------------- | | For the mass of iron and copper, the _stapelstad_ weights were | used before 1855, having a smaller skeppund and proportionally smaller | markpund and mark weights: | | flera skeppund(2) | 1 skeppund(2)[n] = 20 markpund ~= 10^+2.13362 kg | 1 markpund[n] = 20 mark(4) ~= 10^+0.83259 kg | 1 = 1 mark(4) ~= 10^-0.46844 kg | | 1 markpund[n] = 16 skålpund ~= 10^+0.83259 kg . 12. Mass of medicals . -------------------- . . In the Swedish apothecaries' unit system (1668 - 1869): . . flera libra . 1 Sw. apoth. pound = 1 lb. = 1 libra = 12 uns(1) ~= 10^-0.44821 kg . 1 Sw. apoth. ounce = 1 = 1 uns(1)[n] = 8 drachmer ~= 10^-1.52739 kg . 1 Sw. apoth. drachm = 1 = 1 drachma = 3 skrupler(2) ~= 10^-2.43048 kg . 1 Sw. apoth. scruple = 1 = 1 skrupel(2) = 20 gran(2) ~= 10^-2.90760 kg . 1 Sw. apoth. grain = 1 gr. = 1 gran(2)[n] ~= 10^-4.20863 kg . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- . Primary unit: 1 libra = 7416 ass ~= 356.280 g | 13. Mass of coins and precious metals . ------------------------------------- . | Swedish units for mass of coins and precious metals before 1830: . . flera [lödiga] mark(2) . 1 [lödig] mark(2) = 8 uns(2) ~= 10^-0.67651 kg . 1 uns(2)[n] = 2 lod(2) ~= 10^-1.57960 kg . 1 lod(2)[n] = 4 kvintin(2) ~= 10^-1.88063 kg . 1 kvintin(2)[n] ~= 10^-2.48269 kg . ------------------------------------------------------ . Primary unit: 1 mark(2) = 4384 ass ~= 210.616 g | 14. Fineness of gold and silver alloys | -------------------------------------- | | Units for the fineness of gold and silver alloys. i.e. their | mass fraction of the precious metal: | | 1 lod(3)[n] = 18 grän ~= 10^-1.20412 [for silver] | 1 grän[n] ~= 10^-2.45939 [for gold and silver] | | 1 carat = 1 karat = 12 grän ~= 10^-1.38021 [for gold] | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | Primary unit: 1 grän = 1/288 15. Money --------- Money units used in Götaland c1030 - c1300: flera mark(1) 1 mark(1) = 8 öre(1) 1 öre(1)[n] = 3 örtugar 1 örtug = 16 penningar(1) 1 penning(1) Money units used in Gotland c1030 - c1300: flera mark(1) 1 mark(1) = 8 öre(1) 1 öre(1)[n] = 3 örtugar 1 örtug = 12 penningar(2) 1 penning(2) Money units used in Svealand c1030 - c1300, in Sweden c1300 - 1534: flera mark(1) 1 mark(1) = 8 öre(1) 1 öre(1)[n] = 3 örtugar 1 örtug = 8 penningar(3) 1 penning(3) Money units used 1534 - 1776: flera [svenska] daler 1 dal. = 1 [svensk] daler = 4 mark(1) 1 mark(1) = 8 öre(1) 1 öre(1)[n] = 3 örtugar 1 örtug = 8 penningar 1 penning flera riksdaler 1 riksdaler flera riksdaler courant 1 riksdaler courant = 6 mark(1) 1 mark(1) (Used from 1664.) Money units used 1776 - 1802: flera riksdaler 1 riksdaler = 48 skillingar 1 skilling = 4 öre silvermynt 1 öre silvermynt[n] = 3 rundstycken 1 rundstycke[n] Money units used 1802 - 1834: flera riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specier 1 rdr.sp. = 1 riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie flera riksdaler banco 1 rdr. = 1 riksdaler banco = 48 skillingar 1 skilling = 4 öre silvermynt 1 öre silvermynt[n] = 3 rundstycken 1 rundstycke[n] (Notes issued by Riksbanken.) 1 riksdaler banco = 1.5 riksdaler riksgälds 1 riksdaler riksgälds (Notes issued by Riksgäldskontoret.) Money units used 1834 - 1855: flera riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specier 1 riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie = (2+2/3) riksdaler banco 1 riksdaler banco 1 riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie = 4 riksdaler riksgälds 1 riksdaler riksgälds = 48 skillingar 1 skilling = 4 öre silvermynt 1 öre silvermynt[n] = 3 rundstycken 1 rundstycke[n] Money units used 1855 - 1873: flera riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specier 1 riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie = 4 riksdaler riksmynt 1 riksdaler riksmynt = 100 öre(1) 1 öre(1)[n] Money units used since 1873: flera kronor 1 kr. = 1 krona# = 100 öre(1) 1 öre(1)[n]# . In modern usage, the abbreviation "kr.", or more often "kr", is . written after the amount like an ordinary unit, not before it. . Several abbreviations are in use for large amounts of money: . . flera miljarder kronor . 1 Gkr = 1 mdkr = 1 miljard kronor# = 1000 miljoner kronor . 1 Mkr = 1 mkr = 1 mnkr = 1 miljon kronor# = 1000 tusen kronor . 1 kkr = 1 tkr = 1 tusen kronor# = 1000 kronor 16. Index of unit names ----------------------- . aln = 2 fot = 0.5938 m ankare = 15 kannor ~= 39.26 dm^3 ark = 1 stycke . ass = (1/8848) skålpund ~= 48.04 mg bal = 10 ris = 5000 | bandland = 144 kvadratfot ~= 12.69 m^2 bok = 25 ark = 25 centner = 100 skålpund ~= 42.51 kg [svensk] daler = 4 mark(1) = 1 dal. = 96 örtugar . dalerland = 4 markland ~= 1579 dam^2 . decennium = 10 år ~= 315.5 Ms distansminut = ~= 1.852 km . drachma = (1/8) uns(1) = 1 ~= 3.711 g dussin = 6 par = 1 duss. = 12 . dygn = 6 vakter = 1 d. = 86.4 ks eim = 2 ankare ~= 78.51 dm^3 famn = 3 alnar ~= 1.781 m fat = 2 eimer ~= 157.0 dm^3 finger = (1/4) handsbredd ~= 18.56 mm fjärding[sväg](1) = 900 stänger ~= 2.672 km fjärding(2) [våta varor] = 2 åttingar ~= 31.41 dm^3 fjärding(3) [torra varor] = (1/2) halvspann ~= 18.32 dm^3 . fjärdingsland = 4 kappland ~= 617.0 m^2 . foder = 2 pipor ~= 942.2 dm^3 . fot = 1 = 296.90 mm . glas = 2 kvart = 1.800 ks gran(1) = (1/10) decimallinje ~= 0.2969 mm . gran(2) = (1/20) skrupel(2) = 1 gr. ~= 61.86 mg | grän = 1/288 ~= 0.003 472 gross = 12 dussin = 1 gr. = 144 . halvankare = (1/2) ankare ~= 19.63 dm^3 . halvfat = 2 ankare ~= 78.51 dm^3 . halvfjärding = (1/2) fjärding(3) [torra varor] ~= 9.160 dm^3 . halvkvarter = (1/2) kvarter(2) ~= 163.6 cm^3 halvspann = 14 kannor ~= 36.64 dm^3 . halvspannland = 2 fjärdingsland ~= 1234 m^2 halvstop = (1/2) stop ~= 654.3 cm^3 . halvtunna(1) [våta varor] = 2 fjärdingar(2) ~= 62.81 dm^3 : halvtunna(2) [torra varor] = 1 spann ~= 73.28 dm^3 handsbredd = (1/2) kvarter(1) ~= 74.22 mm jumfru = 1 ort(1) ~= 81.79 jungfru = 1 ort(1) ~= 81.79 kabellängd = 100 famnar ~= 178.1 m kanna = (1/10) fot^3 ~= 2.617 dm^3 . kannland = 1000 kvadratfot ~= 88.15 m^2 kappe = (1/2) halvfjärding ~= 4.580 dm^3 kappland = 1750 kvadratfot ~= 154.3 m^2 | karat = 12 grän = 1/24 ~= 0.041 67 kast = 4 stycken | kistland = 10 snesland ~= 1269 m^2 korn = (1/100) ort ~= 42.51 mg krona = 100 öre(2) = 1 kr. . kryddmått = 1 ml = 1 krm. = 1 cm^3 . kubikfamn = 27 kubikalnar ~= 5.653 m^3 . kubikaln = 8 kubikfot ~= 209.4 dm^3 : kubikdecimallinje = (1/1000)kubikdecimaltum ~= 26.17 mm^3 : kubikdecimaltum = (1/1000) kubikfot ~= 26.17 cm^3 kubikfot = 1 fot^3 ~= 26.17 dm^3 kubikstång = 1000 kubikfot ~= 26,17 m^3 : kubik[verk]linje = (1/1728) kubiktum ~= 8.765 mm^3 : kubik[verk]tum = (1/1728) kubikfot ~= 15.15 cm^3 : kvadratdecimaltum = (1/100) kvadratfot ~= 815 cm^2 : kvadratdecimallinje = (1/100) kvadratdecimaltum ~= 8.815 mm^2 kvadratfot = 1 fot^2 ~= 8.815 dm^2 kvadratrev = 100 kvadratstänger ~= 881.5 m^2 kvadratstång = 100 kvadratfot ~= 8.815 m^2 : kvadrat[verk]linje = (1/144) kvadrattum ~= 4.251 mm^2 : kvadrat[verk]tum = (1/144) kvadratfot ~= 6.122 cm^2 . kvart = 15 minuter = 1 kv. = 900.0 s . kvartal = 3 månader ~= 7.9 Ms kvarter(1) = (1/2) fot ~= 148.4 mm kvarter(2) = (1/2) halvstop ~= 327.1 cm^3 kvintin(1) = (1/4) lod(1) ~= 3.321 g . kvintin(2) = (1/4) lod(2) ~= 3.291 g . libra = 7416 ass = 1 lb. ~= 356.3 g . decimallinje = (1/10) decimaltum = 1 ~= 2.969 mm . [verk]linje = (1/12) [verk]tum = 1 ~= 2.062 mm lod(1) = (1/32) skålpund ~= 13.28 g . lod(2) = (1/2) uns(2) ~= 13.16 g | lod(3) = 18 grän = 1/16 ~= 0.062 50 mark(1) = 8 öre(1) = 24 örtugar . [lödig] mark(2) = 4384 ass ~= 210.6 g . mark(3) = 1 skålpund = 0.425076 kg | mark(4) = (1/20) markpund = 1 ~= 0.3401 kg . markland = 8 öresland ~= 394.9 dam^2 . matsked = 3 teskedar = 1 msk. = 15 cm^3 [gammal] mil = 4 fjärdingar(1) ~= 10.69 km kvartsmil = (1/4) [gammal] sjömil ~= 1.855 km nautisk mil = ~= 1.852 km [ny]mil = 10 km [gammal] sjömil = ~= 7.421 km ny sjömil = ~= 1.852 km . miljard kronor = 1 Gkr = 1 mdkr = 10^9 kronor . miljon kronor = 1 Mkr = 1 mkr = 1 mnkr = 10^6 kronor . millennium = 10 sekel ~= 31.56 Gs . minut = 60 sekunder = 1 min. = 60.00 s . månad = 1 mån. ~= 2.5 Ms nyläst = 100 centner ~= 4.251 Mg ort(1) = (1/4) kvarter(2) ~= 81.79 cm^3 ort(2) = (1/100) skålpund ~= 4.251 g . oxhuvud = 3 eimer ~= 235.6 dm^3 par = 2 stycken [kronans] parm(1) = 2160 kannor ~= 5.653 m^3 [stockholms]parm(2) = 6768 kannor ~= 17.71 m^3 penning(1) = (1/16) örtug penning(2) = (1/12) örtug penning(3) = (1/8) örtug . penningland = (1/8) örtugaland ~= 205.7 m^2 . pipa = 3 åmar ~= 471.1 dm^3 [lis]pund = 20 skålpund = 1 L ~= 8.502 kg | markpund = 16 skålpund ~= 6.801 kg | skeppund(1) = 20 [lis]pund = 1 Sk ~= 170.0 kg | skeppund(2) = 20 markpund ~= 136.0 kg . skålpund = 1 = 0.425076 kg rev = 10 stänger ~= 29.69 m riksdaler [specie] = 1 rdr.sp. = 2304 rundstycken riksdaler banco = (3/8) riksdaler [specie] = 1 rdr.= 576 rundstycken riksdaler courant = 6 mark(1) = 144 örtugar riksdaler riksgälds = (2/3) riksdaler banco = 576 rundstycken riksdaler riksmynt = (1/4) riksdaler [specie] = 100 öre(2) riksdaler ris = 20 böcker = 500 rundstycke . sekel = 10 decennier ~= 3.156 Gs . sekund = 1 sek. = 1.000 s . sextondel = 3 kannor ~= 7.851 dm^3 . sjettungsland = 6 öresland ~= 296.2 dam^2 skilling = (1/48) riksdaler = 12 rundstycken . skrupel(1) = (1/10) gran(1) = 1 ~= 0.02969 mm . skrupel(2) = (1/3) drachma = 1 ~= 1.237 g skäppa = (1/3) spann ~= 48.85 dm^3 skock = 3 tjog = 60 | snesland = 10 bandland ~= 126.9 m^2 spann = 2 halvspann ~= 73.28 dm^3 . spannland(1) = 16 kappland ~= 2468 m^3 | spannland(2) = 2 kistland ~= 2539 m^2 specie = riksdaler [specie] = 2304 rundstycken speciedaler = riksdaler [specie] = 2304 rundstycken . streck = (1/17.5)° ~= 0.997 mrad stång = 5 alnar ~= 2.969 m stop = (1/2) kanna ~= 1.309 dm^3 stycke = 1 = 1 st. . tertial = 4 månader ~= 10 Ms . tesked = 5 kryddmått = 1 tsk. = 5 cm^3 . timme = 2 glas = 1 tim. = 3.600 ks tjog = 20 stycken . tolftungsland = 2 sjettungsland ~= 592.4 dam^2 . decimaltum = (1/10) fot = 1 ~= 29.69 mm : engelsk tum = 0.0254 m . [verk]tum = (1/6) kvarter(1) = 1 ~= 24.74 mm tunna(1) [våta varor] = 2 halvtunnor ~= 125.6 dm^3 tunna(2) [torra varor] = 2 spann ~= 146.6 dm^3 : tunna(3) [kol] = 63 kannor ~= 164.9 dm^3 : tunna(4) [sill] = 80 kannor ~= 209.4 dm^3 . tunnland = 2 spannland(1) ~= 4936 m^2 | metriskt tunnland[ = 5 000 m^2 . tusen kronor = 1 kkr = 1 tkr = 1000 kronor . uns(1) = (1/12) libra = 1 ~= 29.69 g . uns(2) = 1/8 mark(2) ~= 26.33 g . vakt = 4 timmar = 14.40 ks val = 20 kast = 80 . vecka = 7 dagar = 1 v. = 604.8 ks åm = 2 eimer ~= 157.0 dm^3 . år = 3 tertial ~= 31.5 Ms . århundrade = 10 decennier ~= 3.156 Gs . årtionde = 10 år ~= 315.5 Ms . årtusende = 10 sekel ~= 31.56 Gs åtting = 6 kannor ~= 15.70 dm^3 . åttungsland = 8 öresland ~= 394.9 dam^2 öre silvermynt = (1/4) skilling = 3 rundstycken öre(1) = 3 örtugar öre(2) = (1/100) riksdaler riksmynt . öresland = 1 tunnland ~= 4936 m^2 örtug . örtugaland = (1/3) öresland ~= 1645 m^2 17. Index of unit abbreviations and symbols ------------------------------------------- . = drachma . = fot . = skålpund . = decimallinje . = verklinje . = skrupel(1) . = skrupel(2) . = decimaltum . = verktum . = uns(1) . d. = dygn dal. = [svensk] daler duss. = dussin . Gkr = miljard kronor . gr. = gran(2) gr. = gross . kkr = tusen kronor kr. = krona . kr = krona . krm. = kryddmått . kv. = kvart . lb. = libra | L = [lis]pund . mdkr = miljard kronor . min. = minut . Mkr = miljon kronor . mkr = miljon kronor . mnkr = miljon kronor . msk. = matsked . mån. = månad rdr.sp. = riksdaler [specie]|speciedaler|specie rdr. = riksdaler banco . sek. = sekund | Sk = skeppund(1) st. = stycke . tim. = timme . tkr = tusen kronor . tsk. = tesked . v. = vecka . 18. Reference list . ------------------ . . [A] Knut Birkeland: Mått mål vikt [Measures, capacities, . weights] | Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalt, 1971, 148 p. . [in Swedish] . . [H] Nationalencyklopedin [The Swedish National Encyclopedia] | | Bokförlaget Bra Böcker, 1989 - 1996, 20 volumes . [in Swedish] . . [I] Rolf Ohlon: Gamla mått - och nya [Old Units of Measurement - and New] | . Sohlmans Förlag, 1974, 1st edition, ISBN 91 7198 013 X, 191 p.; . Ingenjörsförlaget, 1986, 2nd edition, ISBN 91-7284-218-0, 258 p. . [in Swedish] . . [K] Svensk Uppslagsbok [The Swedish Encyclopedia] | Förlagshuset . Norden, 1947 - 1955, 32 volumes [in Swedish] . . [S] Albert W. Carlsson: Med mått mätt. Svenska och utländska mått genom . tiderna [Swedish and foreign measures in older and newer times] | . LTs förlag, 1989, ISBN 91-36-02830-4, 123 p. [in Swedish] | 19. Document future | ------------------- | | Finally a satisfactory version, contentwise! What now remains: | a) translation into Swedish | b) coding in HTML | c) algoritmization to make unit conversion a snap. . 20. Document history . -------------------- . . A 951003 First version, in note OJ-n198. . . Bp1 970217 (se-units-comp.txt1) . First prototype offered to other interested persons. . Wrongly labelled "OJ-n324". . . Bp2 970307 Corrected: value of kvadrattum in cm^2. . Modernized spelling: scrupel -> skrupel. Disambiguated units: . kubiktum -> kubiktum(2), skrupel -> skrupel(1), gran -> gran(1), . lod -> lod(1), kvintin -> kvintin(1), mark -> mark(1). . Added units: spannland, kannland, kvadratlinje, oxhuvud, pipa, . halvfjärding, kubikfamn, kubikaln, kubiktum(1), kubiklinje(1), . streck, libra, uns(1), drachma, skrupel(2), gran(2), mark(2), . uns(2), lod(2), kvintin(2). "mark(3)" added as synonym to . "skålpund". Added English translations: quarter-mile, cubit, . quarter-cubit, decimal inch, decimal line, grain, scruple, . furlong, cable length, old sea mile, new sea mile, new mile. . The base units are changed (aln -> fot, ass -> skålpund) and . their values in metric units clarified. Added abbreviations and . symbols: , , , , gr., lb. New introduction in . section 1. Added pointers to related documents. Reference list . added. . . Bp3 970320 A section with 15 time units added. Three large money units . added. The units halvspannland, fjärdingsland, dalerland, . tolftungsland, sjettungsland, öresland, markland|åttungsland, . öresland, örtugaland, penningland, halvankare, sextondel, . halvkvarter, matsked, tesked and kryddmått added. Synonyms . added: halvtunna [torra varor] for spann, halvfat for eim. . The symbols added. Descriptions of . the shapes of the symbols added. Reference [S] added. . The incomplete account of the definitional history of the . skålpund has been reduced. Better explanation of the streck unit . given. One section moved. "/" replaced by "|" as delimiter . between alternatives. The data format of this file is better . specified. : Bp4 000410 (se-units-comp.txt) : Units added: engelsk tum, kvadratdecimaltum, kvadratdecimallinje, : tunna(3) [kol], tunna(4) [sill] : Unit names added: kvadratverktum, kvadratverklinje, : kubikverktum, kubikverklinje, kubikdecimaltum : Disambiguating suffixes added to: fjärding, halvtunna, parm, tunna : Overview of the Swedish decimal system added. : Units still in use have been marked with "#". : URLs and e-mail addresses updated. | | B 011021 The term "troy", the English meaning of which I had misunderstood, | is eliminated. The symbol of skeppund(1) used in the index has | been corrected. | New section 11, "Mass of iron and copper". The following sections | renumbered. New section 14, "Fineness of gold and silver alloys". | The following sections renumbered. New section 19, "Document | future". The following section renumbered. | Units added: spannland(2), kistland, snesland, bandland, metriskt | tunnland, skeppund(2), markpund, mark(4), lod(3), grän, karat | Changed unit designations: spannland -> spannland(1) | skeppund -> skeppund(1) | Added unit symbols: Sk, L, . | Tunnland is deprived of its status as unit still in use. | The application area for liquid capacity units is clarified. | Reference [K] updated. (se-units-comp.txt: END)